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淺談?dòng)蓚鹘y(tǒng)制造到3D打印的轉(zhuǎn)變
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更新日期： 2021-8-27 |
傳統(tǒng)制造方法有三種：減材、增材和等材制造。
There are three traditional manufacturing methods, including subtractive, additive and equal material manufacturing.
減材制造/Subtractive Manufacturing
減材制造是傳統(tǒng)的金屬切削加工，是用刀具從工件上切除多余材料，從而獲得形狀、尺寸精度及表面質(zhì)量等合乎要求的零件的加工過程。缺點(diǎn)是邊角料太多，非常容易造成材料的浪費(fèi)問題。
Subtractive manufacturing is a traditional metal cutting method, which is used to remove excess materials from the workpiece, thereby satisfying the requirements for shape, dimensional accuracy and surface quality on parts. The disadvantage is that there are too many leftover materials, which is very easy to cause waste.
等材制造/Equal Material Manufacturing
等材制造通俗來(lái)說(shuō)就是將一塊泥巴捏成各種各樣的形狀，材料不多不少，比如說(shuō)古代的打鐵技術(shù)以及現(xiàn)在往模具里面注入材料等等。優(yōu)點(diǎn)是不浪費(fèi)材料，缺點(diǎn)是鑄造鍛煉耗費(fèi)時(shí)間長(zhǎng)速度慢，模具注入的開模成本高。
Equal material manufacturing, for example, is to pinch a piece of mud into a variety of shapes. Other examples include ancient iron-hitting technology, mold injecting technology and so on. The advantage is no waste and the disadvantage is very slow casting process and high mold cost.
增材制造/Additive Manufacturing
增材制造是采用材料逐漸累加的方法制造實(shí)體零件的技術(shù)，相對(duì)于傳統(tǒng)的材料去除、切削加工技術(shù)，是一種“自下而上”的制造方法，這種通過逐層累積堆疊的方式來(lái)構(gòu)造物體的打印方式就是3D打印。通常有三個(gè)步驟：
1、數(shù)字建模，設(shè)計(jì)形態(tài)
2、軟件切片，分明層次
3、機(jī)器打印，逐層堆積
Additive manufacturing is the technology of manufacturing solid parts by the method of material accumulation. Unlike traditional material removal and cutting technology, it is a "bottom-up" manufacturing method, which constructs the object layer by layer. That is called 3D printing. Usually there are three steps:
1. Digital modeling for shape design
2. Slicer software for clear hierarchy
3. Mechanical printing for lay-by-layer construction
增材制造就是3D打印
AM is 3D printing
3D打印本質(zhì)是增材制造（AM）技術(shù)，依托計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì)（CAD）、大數(shù)據(jù)、云計(jì)算、計(jì)算機(jī)輔助制造（CAM）、物聯(lián)網(wǎng)、虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)（VR）等技術(shù)支撐，將數(shù)字化或電腦模型，通過逐層堆積的方式而直接形成3D物體的制造工藝。3D打?。ㄔ霾闹圃欤┦侵圃鞓I(yè)有代表性的顛覆性技術(shù)，集合了信息網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)、先進(jìn)材料技術(shù)與數(shù)字制造技術(shù)，是先進(jìn)制造業(yè)的重要組成部分。
The essence of 3D printing is additive manufacturing (AM) technology. Relying on computer-aided design (CAD), big data, cloud computing, computer-aided manufacturing (CAM), Internet of Things, virtual reality (VR) and other technology support, it can directly construct 3D objects layer by layer with digital or computer models. 3D printing (additive manufacturing) is a representative and disruptive technology of manufacturing industry, which combines information and network technology, advanced material technology and digital manufacturing technology. It is an important part of advanced manufacturing industry.
與傳統(tǒng)制造技術(shù)（減材制造、等材制造）相比，3D打?。ㄔ霾闹圃欤┎恍枰孪戎圃炷＞?，不必在制造過程中去除大量的材料，也不必通過復(fù)雜的鍛造工藝就可以得到最終產(chǎn)品，具有“去模具、減廢料、降庫(kù)存”的特點(diǎn)。在生產(chǎn)上可以優(yōu)化結(jié)構(gòu)、節(jié)約材料和節(jié)省能源，極大地提升了制造效率，同時(shí)實(shí)現(xiàn)“設(shè)計(jì)引導(dǎo)制造”理念。
Compared with traditional manufacturing technology (subtractive manufacturing and equal material manufacturing), 3D printing (additive manufacturing) does not require the prior manufacture of molds. More importantly, there is no need to remove a large number of materials in the manufacturing process or go through the complex forging process to obtain the final product. It possesses "de-molding, waste reduction, inventory reduction" characteristics. In production, we can optimize the structure, save materials and save energy, which has greatly improved manufacturing efficiency, while realizing the concept of "design-led manufacturing".
增材制造
Additive Manufacturing
國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化組織轄下增材制造技術(shù)委員會(huì)發(fā)布ISO/ASTM 52900：2015標(biāo)準(zhǔn)將增材制造技術(shù)分為7大類，分別是：立體光固化（SLA）、粘結(jié)劑噴射(3DP)、定向能量沉積(DED)、薄材疊層（LOM）、材料擠出(FDM)、材料噴射（PloyJet）、粉末床熔融（SLM、SLS、EBM）。
The ISO/ASTM 52900:2015 standard issued by the Additive Manufacturing Technical Committee classifies additive manufacturing technology into seven categories: stereolithography (SLA), binder jetting (3DP), directional energy deposition (DED), thin material lamination (LOM), material extrusion (FDM), material injection (PloyJet), powder bed melting (SLM, SLS, EBM).
從產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈整體來(lái)看，3D打印上游涵蓋激光器、振鏡、三維掃描設(shè)備、3D打印軟件、粉末原材料等；中游以3D打印設(shè)備生產(chǎn)廠商為主，部分也同時(shí)提供打印服務(wù)及原材料供應(yīng)，在整個(gè)產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈中占據(jù)主導(dǎo)地位；下游行業(yè)應(yīng)用已覆蓋航天航空、汽車工業(yè)、船舶制造、能源動(dòng)力、軌道交通、電子工業(yè)、模具制造、醫(yī)療健康、文化創(chuàng)意、建筑等各領(lǐng)域。
Let’s take a look at the whole industrial chain. 3D printing upstream covers lasers, vibration mirrors, 3D scanning equipment, 3D printing software, powder raw materials, etc. 3D printing midstream dominates the entire industrial chain. It includes 3D printing equipment manufacturers mainly, as well as some printing service providers and raw material suppliers. 3D printing downstream has been applied in all fields including aerospace, automotive industry, shipbuilding, energy power, rail transportation, electronics industry, mold manufacturing, medical and health care, cultural creativity, architecture, etc.
SLA快速成型
SLA fast forming
SLA快速成型
SLA是目前國(guó)內(nèi)外最深入、應(yīng)用最廣泛的快速成形技術(shù)之一，其技術(shù)成熟度高，也經(jīng)過了市場(chǎng)長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的檢驗(yàn)，具體優(yōu)勢(shì)如下： 無(wú)需切削工具與模具，加工速度快，產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)周期短；可以加工結(jié)構(gòu)外形復(fù)雜或使用傳統(tǒng)手段難于成型的原型和模具；以三維數(shù)字模型為基礎(chǔ)進(jìn)行數(shù)字化3D打印，可降低設(shè)計(jì)錯(cuò)誤造成的高額往復(fù)制作/修復(fù)的成本；相比FDM成型工藝，SLA成型精度高，表面光滑平整、成型速度快。
SLA is currently one of the most in-depth, widely used fast forming technology at home and abroad. Its high technical maturity has undergone a trial of market for a long time. Its specific advantages are as follows: no cutting tools or molds, fast processing speed and short production cycle. SLA is able to process complex structures, as well as molds and prototypes which may not be formed by conventional methods. It has realized digital 3D printing based on 3D digital models, which can reduce the cost of replication/repair caused by design errors. Compared to FDM molding process, SLA offers high molding accuracy, smooth surface flatness and fast molding speed.
常用的SLA材料/Commonly Used SLA Materials
SLA材料為液體樹脂，如澆注料或牙科樹脂。下表總結(jié)了常用樹脂的優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)：
SLA uses liquid resin as raw material, such as castable or dental resin. The following table summarizes the advantages and disadvantages of common resins:
后處理/Post-processing
SLA模型可以通過各種后處理方法，如砂光、拋光、噴涂涂層和使用礦物油等，獲得非常高的品質(zhì)。
SLA models can achieve very high quality through a variety of post-processing methods, such as sanding, polishing, coating and the use of mineral oils, etc.
SLA的主要特點(diǎn)總結(jié)如下表：
Main features of the SLA are summarized in the following table:
近年來(lái)，隨著3D打印產(chǎn)業(yè)的不斷發(fā)展，SLA光固化3D打印機(jī)型及光敏樹脂造價(jià)的逐漸走低，成為制作工業(yè)原型、展示模型、動(dòng)漫手辦等應(yīng)用的最理想的選擇之一。
With the continuous development of 3D printing industry in recent years, price of both SLA 3D printer and photosensitive resin has become gradually lower. It has been one of the most idea choices for industrial prototypes, display models, animation and other applications.
未來(lái)趨勢(shì)/Future Trend
在速度方面，立體光固化仍然存在速度方面的待加強(qiáng)。
In terms of speed, stereolithography still needs to be improved.
耗材方面，在這個(gè)呼吁節(jié)能環(huán)保的方向上，仍然是一個(gè)問題，開發(fā)新的成型材料，在強(qiáng)度，精度，性能及使用壽命加強(qiáng)，同時(shí)最好向環(huán)境友好型發(fā)展。
In terms of consumables, energy conservation and environmental protection is still an issue. Develop new molding materials, enhance the strength, precision, performance and service life, while preferably leading to an environment-friendly development.
精度方面，如果向更高的生物醫(yī)療或電子行業(yè)，仍然需要一個(gè)大的改進(jìn)。
In terms of accuracy, a big improvement is still needed for more advanced biomedical or electronics industries.
領(lǐng)域拓展，除了產(chǎn)品驗(yàn)證，快速模具上，去發(fā)展并滲透到其他的行業(yè)領(lǐng)域。
In terms of field expansion, develop and penetrate into other industries in addition to product validation and fast molding.
由于脂環(huán)族環(huán)氧樹脂具有低粘度、低溶脹、固化快、低收縮率、高光敏度的特點(diǎn)，在光固化領(lǐng)域有著極為廣闊的應(yīng)用前景，尤其在新興市場(chǎng)——3D打印領(lǐng)域，下游客戶對(duì)高性能配方的追求以及政府對(duì)環(huán)保要求的提高，必定會(huì)推動(dòng)脂環(huán)族環(huán)氧樹脂需求的持續(xù)增長(zhǎng)。
Cycloaliphatic epoxy resin has an extremely board application prospect in UV curing field because of its low viscosity, low swelling ratio, low shrinkage rate, fast cure and high photosensitivity. Especially in 3D printing emerging market, where customers seek for high-performance formulation and the government has raised demand for environmental protection, it will undoubtedly drive a continued increase in demand for cycloaliphatic epoxy resins.
南通新納希新材料有限公司專業(yè)從事脂環(huán)族環(huán)氧樹脂生產(chǎn)已十余年，歡迎海內(nèi)外客戶來(lái)電垂詢，我們將竭誠(chéng)為您服務(wù)！
Nantong Synasia New Material Co., Ltd. has specialized in the production of cycloaliphatic epoxy resins for more than ten years. Welcome customers at home and abroad to call us, and we will be happy to offer you premium service!